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# Challenge Problems - 2021 Sem 2, Contest 1

Sports Loans Statement Andrew is head of the sports club, and manages the inventory. Part of Andrew’s job is loaning footballs to people, and collecting those footballs once they have been used. ...

# Least Common Ancestor (LCA)

Where is this useful? The Least Common Ancestor (LCA) data structure is useful wherever you have a directed graph where every vertex has out-degree $$\leq 1$$. In more common terms, each vertex ha...

# Primes and Factorization Techniques

Why? Many number theoretic problems in competitive programming require analysing the factors or prime factors of a number. Here I’ll list a few techniques for finding these factors, and some techn...

# Modular Arithmetic

What is it? Modular Arithmetic encompasses all sorts of theorems and optimizations surrounding the % operator in C and Python. As you’ll see in the related problems, modulo arithmetic is often ti...

# Dynamic Programming

Why? Dynamic Programming (DP) is one of the most powerful tools you’ll come across in competitive programming. It normally turns up in about a third of all problems in a contest, in some form or a...